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Search for "dipeptide isosteres" in Full Text gives 3 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Recent progress in the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres
- Myriam Drouin and
- Jean-François Paquin
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2637–2658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.262
- incorporated into peptides, it is normally necessary to first synthesize a dipeptide where the amide bond has been replaced with a monofluoroalkene. In that context, this review will present the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres described since 2007. Some
- applications of those compounds will also be presented. Keywords: dipeptide isosteres; monofluoroalkene-based amide bonds; monofluoroalkenes; peptides; synthesis; Introduction Nowadays, the pharmaceutical industry is interested in the development of new categories of drugs. While small molecules were the
- will discuss the new developments on the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres from 2008 to September 2017. First, synthetic approaches to analogues in which there is no side chain or where the side chain stereochemistry is not controlled will be
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Selected amide bond isosteres.
Figure 2: Monofluoroalkene as an amide bond isostere.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of Cbz-Gly-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Gly using a HWE olefination by Sano and co-workers.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of Phth-Gly-ψ[CF=CH]-Gly using the Julia–Kocienski olefination by Lequeux and co-workers.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of Boc-Nva-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Gly by Taguchi and co-workers.
Figure 3: Mutant tripeptide containing two different peptide bond isosteres.
Scheme 4: Chromium-mediated synthesis of Boc-Ser(PMB)-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Gly-OMe by Konno and co-workers.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of Cbz-Gly-ψ[(E)-CF=C]-Pro by Sano and co-workers.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of Cbz-Gly-ψ[(Z)-CF=C]-Pro by Sano and co-workers.
Scheme 7: Stereoselective synthesis of Fmoc-Gly-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Phe by Pannecoucke and co-workers.
Scheme 8: Ring-closure metathesis to prepare Gly-ψ[(E)-CF=CH]-Phg by Couve-Bonnaire and co-workers.
Scheme 9: Stereoselective synthesis of Fmoc-Gly-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Phe by Dory and co-workers.
Scheme 10: Diastereoselective addition of Grignard reagents to sulfinylamines derived from α-fluoroenals by Pa...
Scheme 11: NHC-mediated synthesis of monofluoroalkenes by Otaka and co-workers.
Scheme 12: Stereoselective synthesis of Boc-Tyr-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Gly by Altman and co-workers.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of the tripeptide Boc-Asp(OBn)-Pro-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH)-Val-CH2OH by Miller and co-workers.
Scheme 14: Copper-catalyzed synthesis of monofluoralkenes by Taguchi and co-workers.
Scheme 15: One-pot intramolecular redox reaction to access amide-type isosteres by Otaka and co-workers.
Scheme 16: Copper-mediated reduction, transmetalation and asymmetric alkylation by Fujii and co-workers.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of (E)-monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isostere by Fujii and co-workers.
Scheme 18: Diastereoselective synthesis of MeOCO-Val-ψ[(Z)-CF=C]-Pro isostere by Chang and co-workers.
Scheme 19: Asymmetric synthesis of Fmoc-Ala-ψ[(Z)-CF=C]-Pro by Pannecoucke and co-workers.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of Fmoc-Val-ψ[(E)-CF=C]-Pro by Pannecoucke and co-workers.
Figure 4: BMS-790052 and its fluorinated analogue.
Figure 5: Bioactivities of pentapeptide analogues based on the relative maximum agonistic activity at 10 nM o...
Figure 6: Structures and affinities of the Leu-enkephalin and its fluorinated analogue. The affinity towards ...
Figure 7: Activation of the opioid receptor DOPr by Leu-enkephaline and a fluorinated analogue.
Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics
- Gijs Koopmanschap,
- Eelco Ruijter and
- Romano V.A. Orru
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50
- ]. However, in the last decade two other groups, independently, published Ugi-MCRs towards these cyclic dipeptide isosteres. Hulme et al. reported an Ugi-Deprotection–Cyclization strategy using resin-bound convertible isonitrile 67 to provide primary and secondary γ-lactams 70 in high purities over five
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: The proposed mechanism of the Passerini reaction.
Scheme 2: The PADAM-strategy to α-hydroxy-β-amino amide derivatives 7. An additional oxidation provides α-ket...
Scheme 3: The general accepted Ugi-mechanism.
Scheme 4: Three commonly applied Ugi/cyclization approaches. a) UDC-process, b) UAC-sequence, c) UDAC-combina...
Scheme 5: Ugi reaction that involves the condensation of Armstrong’s convertible isocyanide.
Scheme 6: Mechanism of the U-4C-3CR towards bicyclic β-lactams.
Scheme 7: The Ugi 4C-3CR towards oxabicyclo β-lactams.
Scheme 8: Ugi MCR between an enantiopure monoterpene based β-amino acid, aldehyde and isocyanide resulting in...
Scheme 9: General MCR for β-lactams in water.
Scheme 10: a) Ugi reaction for β-lactam-linked peptidomimetics. b) Varying the β-amino acid resulted in β-lact...
Scheme 11: Ugi-4CR followed by a Pd-catalyzed Sn2 cyclization.
Scheme 12: Ugi-3CR of dipeptide mimics from 2-substituted pyrrolines.
Scheme 13: Joullié–Ugi reaction towards 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines.
Scheme 14: Further elaboration of the Ugi-scaffold towards bicyclic systems.
Scheme 15: Dihydroxyproline derivatives from an Ugi reaction.
Scheme 16: Diastereoselective Ugi reaction described by Banfi and co-workers.
Scheme 17: Similar Ugi reaction as in Scheme 16 but with different acids and two chiral isocyanides.
Scheme 18: Highly diastereoselective synthesis of pyrrolidine-dipeptoids via a MAO-N/MCR-procedure.
Scheme 19: MAO-N/MCR-approach towards the hepatitis C drug telaprevir.
Scheme 20: Enantioselective MAO-U-3CR procedure starting from chiral pyrroline 64.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of γ-lactams via an UDC-sequence.
Scheme 22: Utilizing bifunctional groups to provide bicyclic γ-lactam-ketopiperazines.
Scheme 23: The Ugi reaction provided both γ- as δ-lactams depending on which inputs were used.
Scheme 24: The sequential Ugi/RCM with olefinic substrates provided bicyclic lactams.
Scheme 25: a) The structural and dipole similarities of the triazole unit with the amide bond. b) The copper-c...
Scheme 26: The Ugi/Click sequence provided triazole based peptidomimetics.
Scheme 27: The Ugi/Click reaction as described by Nanajdenko.
Scheme 28: The Ugi/Click-approach by Pramitha and Bahulayan.
Scheme 29: The Ugi/Click-combination by Niu et al.
Scheme 30: Triazole linked peptidomimetics obtained from two separate MCRs and a sequential Click reaction.
Scheme 31: Copper-free synthesis of triazoles via two MCRs in one-pot.
Scheme 32: The sequential Ugi/Paal–Knorr reaction to afford pyrazoles.
Scheme 33: An intramolecular Paal–Knorr condensation provided under basic conditions pyrazolones.
Scheme 34: Similar cyclization performed under acidic conditions provided pyrazolones without the trifluoroace...
Scheme 35: The Ugi-4CR towards 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles.
Scheme 36: Solid phase approach towards thiazoles.
Scheme 37: Reaction mechanism of formation of thiazole peptidomimetics containing an additional β-lactam moiet...
Scheme 38: The synthesis of the trisubstituted thiazoles could be either performed via an Ugi reaction with pr...
Scheme 39: Performing the Ugi reaction with DMB-protected isocyanide gave access to either oxazoles or thiazol...
Scheme 40: Ugi/cyclization-approach towards 2,5-disubstituted thiazoles. The Ugi reaction was performed with d...
Scheme 41: Further derivatization of the thiazole scaffold.
Scheme 42: Three-step procedure towards the natural product bacillamide C.
Scheme 43: Ugi-4CR to oxazoles reported by Zhu and co-workers.
Scheme 44: Ugi-based synthesis of oxazole-containing peptidomimetics.
Scheme 45: TMNS3 based Ugi reaction for peptidomimics containing a tetrazole.
Scheme 46: Catalytic cycle of the enantioselective Passerini reaction towards tetrazole-based peptidomimetics.
Scheme 47: Tetrazole-based peptidomimetics via an Ugi reaction and a subsequent sigmatropic rearrangement.
Scheme 48: Resin-bound Ugi-approach towards tetrazole-based peptidomimetics.
Scheme 49: Ugi/cyclization approach towards γ/δ/ε-lactam tetrazoles.
Scheme 50: Ugi-3CR to pipecolic acid-based peptidomimetics.
Scheme 51: Staudinger–Aza-Wittig/Ugi-approach towards pipecolic acid peptidomimetics.
Figure 1: The three structural isomers of diketopiperazines. The 2,5-DKP isomer is most common.
Scheme 52: UDC-approach to obtain 2,5-DKPs, either using Armstrong’s isocyanide or via ethylglyoxalate.
Scheme 53: a) Ugi reaction in water gave either 2,5-DKP structures or spiro compounds. b) The Ugi reaction in ...
Scheme 54: Solid-phase approach towards diketopiperazines.
Scheme 55: UDAC-approach towards DKPs.
Scheme 56: The intermediate amide is activated as leaving group by acid and microwave assisted organic synthes...
Scheme 57: UDC-procedure towards active oxytocin inhibitors.
Scheme 58: An improved stereoselective MCR-approach towards the oxytocin inhibitor.
Scheme 59: The less common Ugi reaction towards DKPs, involving a Sn2-substitution.
Figure 2: Spatial similarities between a natural β-turn conformation and a DKP based β-turn mimetic [158].
Scheme 60: Ugi-based syntheses of bicyclic DKPs. The amine component is derived from a coupling between (R)-N-...
Scheme 61: Ugi-based synthesis of β-turn and γ-turn mimetics.
Figure 3: Isocyanide substituted 3,4-dihydropyridin-2-ones, dihydropyridines and the Freidinger lactams. Bio-...
Scheme 62: The mechanism of the 4-CR towards 3,4-dihydropyridine-2-ones 212.
Scheme 63: a) Multiple MCR-approach to provide DHP-peptidomimetic in two-steps. b) A one-pot 6-CR providing th...
Scheme 64: The MCR–alkylation–MCR procedure to obtain either tetrapeptoids or depsipeptides.
Scheme 65: U-3CR/cyclization employing semicarbazone as imine component gave triazine based peptidomimetics.
Scheme 66: 4CR towards triazinane-diones.
Scheme 67: The MCR–alkylation–IMCR-sequence described by our group towards triazinane dione-based peptidomimet...
Scheme 68: Ugi-4CR approaches followed by a cyclization to thiomorpholin-ones (a) and pyrrolidines (b).
Scheme 69: UDC-approach for benzodiazepinones.
Scheme 70: Ugi/Mitsunobu sequence to BDPs.
Scheme 71: A UDAC-approach to BDPs with convertible isocyanides. The corresponding amide is cleaved by microwa...
Scheme 72: microwave assisted post condensation Ugi reaction.
Scheme 73: Benzodiazepinones synthesized via the post-condensation Ugi/ Staudinger–Aza-Wittig cyclization.
Scheme 74: Two Ugi/cyclization approaches utilizing chiral carboxylic acids. Reaction (a) provided the product...
Scheme 75: The mechanism of the Gewald-3CR includes three base-catalysed steps involving first a Knoevnagel–Co...
Scheme 76: Two structural 1,4-thienodiazepine-2,5-dione isomers by U-4CR/cyclization.
Scheme 77: Tetrazole-based diazepinones by UDC-procedure.
Scheme 78: Tetrazole-based BDPs via a sequential Ugi/hydrolysis/coupling.
Scheme 79: MCR synthesis of three different tricyclic BPDs.
Scheme 80: Two similar approaches both involving an Ugi reaction and a Mitsunobu cyclization.
Scheme 81: Mitsunobu–Ugi-approach towards dihydro-1,4-benzoxazepines.
Scheme 82: Ugi reaction towards hetero-aryl fused 5-oxo-1,4-oxazepines.
Scheme 83: a) Ugi/RCM-approach towards nine-membered peptidomimetics b) Sequential peptide-coupling, deprotect...
Scheme 84: Ugi-based synthesis towards cyclic RGD-pentapeptides.
Scheme 85: Ugi/MCR-approach towards 12–15 membered macrocycles.
Scheme 86: Stereoselective Ugi/RCM approach towards 16-membered macrocycles.
Scheme 87: Passerini/RCM-sequence to 22-membered macrocycles.
Scheme 88: UDAC-approach towards 12–18-membered depsipeptides.
Figure 4: Enopeptin A with its more active derivative ADEP-4.
Scheme 89: a) The Joullié–Ugi-approach towards ADEP-4 derivatives b) Ugi-approach for the α,α-dimethylated der...
Scheme 90: Ugi–Click-strategy for 15-membered macrocyclic glyco-peptidomimetics.
Scheme 91: Ugi/Click combinations provided macrocycles containing both a triazole and an oxazole moiety.
Scheme 92: a) A solution-phase procedure towards macrocycles. b) Alternative solid-phase synthesis as was repo...
Scheme 93: Ugi/cyclization towards cyclophane based macrocycles.
Scheme 94: PADAM-strategy towards eurystatin A.
Scheme 95: PADAM-approach for cyclotheanamide.
Scheme 96: A triple MCR-approach affording RGD-pentapeptoids.
Scheme 97: Ugi-MiBs-approach towards peptoid macrocycles.
Scheme 98: Passerini-based MiB approaches towards macrocycles 345 and 346.
Scheme 99: Macrocyclic peptide formation by the use of amphoteric aziridine-based aldehydes.
Single and double stereoselective fluorination of (E)-allylsilanes
- Marcin Sawicki,
- Angela Kwok,
- Matthew Tredwell and
- Véronique Gouverneur
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 34, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-34
- C-S bonds. [22][23][24][25][26][27] With the nitrogen-based electrophile NO2BF4, this methodology delivers acyclic (E)-olefin dipeptide isosteres featuring two allylic stereocentres.[28][29] Herein, we report our investigation into the fluorination of (E)-allylsilanes of general structure B. A
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Fluorination of branched allylsilanes A and B
Scheme 2: Fluorination of anti (E)-1e
Scheme 3: Double electrophilic fluorination of (E)-4
Scheme 4: Conversion of 3 into diol 7
